This is a very good question, they probably died out for a number of reasons. They may have succumbed to selective pressure (from competition in access to resources) from our species moving into their territories. Or some think they may have gone extinct due to climate change. Others suggest that they were simply replaced over a period of time by our larger population numbers due to multiple dispersals. We are really not sure exactly why the Neanderthals went extinct but I suspect a combination of factors including those I listed above.
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